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High Court of Australia

National Supreme Courts (Last Resort)

The High Court of Australia is the apex court of the Australian legal system, established under the Judiciary Act 1903 and exercising both original and appellate jurisdiction as the country's final court of appeal. It hears appeals from the state and territory supreme courts and from federal courts, with its jurisdiction rooted in Chapter III of the Australian Constitution, and has sat in Canberra since 1980. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Facts
Founding Year
1903 1
Seat
Canberra 1
Founded Date
1903-10-05 1
Jurisdiction Scope
Exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction as Australia's final court of appeal, hearing appeals from state and territory supreme courts and federal courts, with jurisdiction derived from Chapter III of the Australian Constitution. 1
Jurisdiction Scope
Jurisdiction Scope (category)
Federal 1
Jurisdiction Scope (category)
Final Court of Appeal 1
Connections

Associated With

Justice of the High Court of Australia since 1 March 2021.

Source Jacqueline Gleeson (Wikipedia)
James Edelman, Jurists

Justice of the High Court of Australia since 30 January 2017.

Source James Edelman (Wikipedia)
Jayne Jagot, Jurists

Sworn in as a Justice of the High Court of Australia on 17 October 2022.

Source Jayne Jagot (Wikipedia)

Sworn in as a Justice of the High Court of Australia on 9 June 2015.

Source Michelle Gordon (Wikipedia)
Simon Steward, Jurists

Term as Justice of the High Court of Australia began 1 December 2020.

Source Simon Steward (Wikipedia)

Appointed to replace Justice William Gummow on his October 2012 retirement; elevated to Chief Justice in 2023.

Source Stephen Gageler (Wikipedia)

Decided

Decided by the High Court of Australia, 1992.

Source Commonwealth v Tasmania (Wikipedia)
Source Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (Wikipedia)

Has Member

Adrian Knox, Jurists
Source Wikidata: Adrian Knox
Source Albert Piddington (Wikipedia)
Anthony Mason, Jurists
Source Wikidata: Anthony Mason
Source Charles Powers (Wikipedia)
Cyril Walsh, Jurists
Source Cyril Walsh (Wikipedia)
Daryl Dawson, Jurists
Source Daryl Dawson (Wikipedia)
Source Douglas Menzies (Wikipedia)
Source Wikidata: Dudley Williams
Dyson Heydon, Jurists
Source Dyson Heydon (Wikipedia)
Edmund Barton, Jurists
Source Edmund Barton (Wikipedia)
Source Edward McTiernan (Wikipedia)
Source Frank Gavan Duffy (Wikipedia)
Frank Kitto, Jurists
Source Frank Kitto (Wikipedia)
Source Wikidata: Garfield Barwick
Source Geoffrey Nettle (Wikipedia)
George Rich, Jurists
Source George Rich (Wikipedia)
Source Gerard Brennan (Wikipedia)
H. B. Higgins, Jurists
Source H. B. Higgins (Wikipedia)
H. V. Evatt, Jurists
Source H. V. Evatt (Wikipedia)
Harry Gibbs, Jurists
Source Harry Gibbs (Wikipedia)
Hayden Starke, Jurists
Source Hayden Starke (Wikipedia)
Ian Callinan, Jurists
Source Ian Callinan (Wikipedia)
Isaac Isaacs, Jurists
Source Isaac Isaacs (Wikipedia)
John Latham, Jurists
Source Wikidata: John Latham
John Toohey, Jurists
Source Wikidata: John Toohey
Keith Aickin, Jurists
Source Keith Aickin (Wikipedia)
Kenneth Hayne, Jurists
Source Kenneth Hayne (Wikipedia)
Source Wikidata: Kenneth Jacobs
Lionel Murphy, Jurists
Source Wikidata: Lionel Murphy
Mary Gaudron, Jurists
Source Mary Gaudron (Wikipedia)
Michael Kirby, Jurists
Source Wikidata: Michael Kirby
Source Michael McHugh (Wikipedia)
Source Michelle Gordon (Wikipedia)
Source Wikidata: Murray Gleeson
Source Ninian Stephen (Wikipedia)
Owen Dixon, Jurists
Source Wikidata: Owen Dixon
Patrick Keane, Jurists
Source Patrick Keane (Wikipedia)
Source List of justices of the High Court of Australia (Wikipedia)
Source Robert Beech-Jones (Wikipedia)
Robert French, Jurists
Source Robert French (Wikipedia)
Ronald Wilson, Jurists
Source Ronald Wilson (Wikipedia)
Source Wikidata: Samuel Griffith
Simon Steward, Jurists
Source Simon Steward (Wikipedia)
Source Stephen Gageler (Wikipedia)
Susan Crennan, Jurists
Source Susan Crennan (Wikipedia)
Susan Kiefel, Jurists
Source Wikipedia: Susan Kiefel
Source Victor Windeyer (Wikipedia)
Virginia Bell, Jurists
Source Virginia Bell (judge) (Wikipedia)
Source Wilfred Fullagar (Wikipedia)
William Deane, Jurists
Source William Deane (Wikipedia)
Source William Gummow (Wikipedia)
William Owen, Jurists
Source Wikidata: William Owen
William Webb, Jurists
Source List of justices of the High Court of Australia (Wikipedia)

In Legal System

Australia is a common law country whose High Court sits atop a federal system of state and territory common law jurisdictions.

Source High Court of Australia (Wikipedia)

Long-Form Articles

In the Other Atlases
Sources
1. High Court of Australia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Founding and seat description - entity-description
    the apex court of the Australian legal system
  • Formation section - founding-year
    The Judiciary Act 1903 was finally passed on 25 August 1903, and the first three justices...were appointed on 5 October of that year.
  • Formation section - founded-date
    the first three justices...were appointed on 5 October of that year
  • In Category: Courts, Category placement - in-category
  • In Legal System: Common Law, Founding section - in-legal-system
View the Source
Wikidata: High Court of Australia
Wikidata Q1358798, class allow-list match (w-wdresolver-0926)View the Source
Commonwealth v Tasmania (Wikipedia)
WikipediaDecided: Commonwealth v Tasmania, Lead paragraph - decided-byView the Source
James Edelman (Wikipedia)
WikipediaAssociated With: James Edelman, lead paragraph, first sentence
Quote, Associated With: James Edelman, lead paragraph, first sentence
James Joshua Edelman (born 9 January 1974) has been a justice of the High Court of Australia since 30 January 2017, and is a former justice of the Federal Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of Western Australia.
View the Source
Simon Steward (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Associated With: Simon Steward, Judicial career section
    His term began on 1 December 2020 following the compulsory retirement of Nettle.
  • Has Member: Simon Steward, Lead section
    Simon Harry Peter Steward (born 9 January 1969) is an Australian judge and former barrister currently serving as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Jacqueline Gleeson (Wikipedia)
WikipediaAssociated With: Jacqueline Gleeson, lead paragraph, first sentence
Quote, Associated With: Jacqueline Gleeson, lead paragraph, first sentence
Jacqueline Sarah Gleeson (born 7 March 1966) is an Australian jurist. She has been a Justice of the High Court of Australia since 1 March 2021, and was a judge of the Federal Court of Australia, based in Sydney, from April 2014 to February 2021.
View the Source
Michelle Gordon (Wikipedia)
WikipediaAssociated With: Michelle Gordon, Judicial career section
Quote, Associated With: Michelle Gordon, Judicial career section
Justice Gordon was sworn in on 9 June 2015.
View the Source
Jayne Jagot (Wikipedia)
WikipediaAssociated With: Jayne Jagot, High Court section
Quote, Associated With: Jayne Jagot, High Court section
On 17 October 2022, Jagot was sworn in as a Justice of the High Court of Australia, replacing the retiring Justice Patrick Keane.
View the Source
Stephen Gageler (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
  • Associated With: Stephen Gageler, High Court of Australia section
    Roxon announced that Gageler would replace Justice William Gummow on his retirement in October 2012.
  • Has Member: Stephen Gageler, Infobox
    Justice of the High Court of Australia
View the Source
Gerard Brennan (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributorsHas Member: Gerard Brennan, Infobox
Quote, Has Member: Gerard Brennan, Infobox
Justice of the High Court of Australia
View the Source
Michelle Gordon (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Michelle Gordon, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Michelle Gordon, Lead section
Michelle Marjorie Gordon (born 19 November 1964) is a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Mary Gaudron (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Mary Gaudron, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Mary Gaudron, Lead section
Mary Genevieve Gaudron (5 January 1943-13 September 2026) was an Australian lawyer and judge who was the first female Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Robert French (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Robert French, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Robert French, Lead section
Robert Shenton French (born 1947) is a former judge of the Federal Court of Australia and was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia from 2008 to 2017.
View the Source
Edmund Barton (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Edmund Barton, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Edmund Barton, Lead section
He held office as the leader of the Protectionist Party, before resigning in 1903 to become a founding justice of the High Court of Australia, on which he served until his death in 1920.
View the Source
Charles Powers (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Charles Powers, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Charles Powers, Lead section
Sir Charles Powers (3 March 1853-24 April 1939) was an Australian politician and judge who served as Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1913 to 1929.
View the Source
Albert Piddington (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Albert Piddington, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Albert Piddington, Lead section
He was a member of the High Court of Australia for one month in 1913, making him the shortest-serving judge in the court's history.
View the Source
George Rich (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: George Rich, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: George Rich, Lead section
Sir George Edward Rich (3 May 1863-14 May 1956) was an Australian lawyer and judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1913 to 1950.
View the Source
Hayden Starke (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Hayden Starke, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Hayden Starke, Lead section
Sir Hayden Erskine Starke (22 February 1871-14 May 1958) was an Australian judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1920 to 1950.
View the Source
H. V. Evatt (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: H. V. Evatt, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: H. V. Evatt, Lead section
He served as a justice of the High Court of Australia from 1930 to 1940, Attorney-General and Minister for External Affairs from 1941 to 1949, and leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Leader of the Opposition from 1951 to 1960.
View the Source
Wilfred Fullagar (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Wilfred Fullagar, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Wilfred Fullagar, Lead section
Sir Wilfred Kelsham Fullagar (16 November 1892-9 July 1961) was an Australian judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1950 until his death in 1961.
View the Source
Frank Kitto (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Frank Kitto, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Frank Kitto, Lead section
Sir Frank Walters Kitto (30 July 1903-15 February 1994), Australian judge, was a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Douglas Menzies (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Douglas Menzies, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Douglas Menzies, Lead section
Sir Douglas Ian Menzies (7 September 1907-29 November 1974) was an Australian judge, serving as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Victor Windeyer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Victor Windeyer, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Victor Windeyer, Lead section
Major General Sir William John Victor Windeyer (28 July 1900-23 November 1987) was an Australian judge, soldier, educator, and a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Cyril Walsh (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Cyril Walsh, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Cyril Walsh, Lead section
Sir Cyril Ambrose Walsh (15 June 1909-29 November 1973) was an Australian judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1969 until his death in 1973.
View the Source
Harry Gibbs (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Harry Gibbs, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Harry Gibbs, Lead section
Sir Harry Talbot Gibbs (7 February 1917-25 June 2005) was Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1981 to 1987 after serving as a member of the High Court between 1970 and 1981.
View the Source
Ninian Stephen (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributorsHas Member: Ninian Stephen, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Ninian Stephen, Lead section
He was previously a justice of the High Court of Australia from 1972 to 1982.
View the Source
Keith Aickin (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Keith Aickin, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Keith Aickin, Lead section
Sir Keith Arthur Aickin (1 February 1916-18 June 1982) was an Australian judge who served on the High Court of Australia from 1976 until his death in 1982.
View the Source
Ronald Wilson (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Ronald Wilson, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Ronald Wilson, Lead section
Sir Ronald Darling Wilson (23 August 1922-15 July 2005) was a distinguished Australian lawyer, judge and social activist serving on the High Court of Australia between 1979 and 1989 and as the President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission between 1990 and 1997.
View the Source
William Deane (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: William Deane, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: William Deane, Lead section
He was previously a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1982 to 1995, during which time he was one of the judges who decided in favour of Eddie Mabo in the Mabo case.
View the Source
Daryl Dawson (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Daryl Dawson, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Daryl Dawson, Lead section
Sir Daryl Michael Dawson (born 12 December 1933) is an Australian former judge who served as a justice of the High Court of Australia from 1982 to 1997.
View the Source
Michael McHugh (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Michael McHugh, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Michael McHugh, Lead section
Michael Hudson McHugh (born 1 November 1935) is a former justice of the High Court of Australia; the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
William Gummow (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: William Gummow, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: William Gummow, Lead section
William Montague Charles Gummow (9 October 1942-17 September 2026) was an Australian judge who was a Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
Kenneth Hayne (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Kenneth Hayne, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Kenneth Hayne, Lead section
Kenneth Madison Hayne (born 5 June 1945) is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
Ian Callinan (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Ian Callinan, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Ian Callinan, Lead section
Ian David Francis Callinan (born 1 September 1937) is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
Dyson Heydon (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Dyson Heydon, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Dyson Heydon, Lead section
John Dyson Heydon (born 1 March 1943) is an Australian former judge and barrister who served on the High Court of Australia from 2003 to 2013 and the New South Wales Court of Appeal from 2000 to 2003, and previously served as Dean of the Sydney Law School.
View the Source
Susan Crennan (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Susan Crennan, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Susan Crennan, Lead section
Susan Maree Crennan (née Walsh; born 1945) is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
Virginia Bell (judge) (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Virginia Bell, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Virginia Bell, Lead section
She is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
View the Source
Patrick Keane (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Patrick Keane, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Patrick Keane, Lead section
Patrick Anthony Keane (born 26 October 1952) is an Australian judge currently serving as a non-permanent judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal since 6 April 2023, after his retirement as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
View the Source
Geoffrey Nettle (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Geoffrey Nettle, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Geoffrey Nettle, Lead section
Geoffrey Arthur Akeroyd Nettle (born 2 December 1950) is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy, who served from 3 February 2015 to 30 November 2020.
View the Source
Robert Beech-Jones (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Robert Beech-Jones, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Robert Beech-Jones, Lead section
He was appointed to the High Court of Australia in 2023, and previously served as a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 2012 to 2023.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Susan Kiefel
Has Member: Susan Kiefel, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Susan Kiefel, Lead section
She concurrently served on the High Court of Australia from 2007 to 2023, previously being a judge of both the Supreme Court of Queensland and the Federal Court of Australia.
View the Source
Isaac Isaacs (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Isaac Isaacs, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Isaac Isaacs, Lead section
He had previously served on the High Court of Australia from 1906 to 1931, including as Chief Justice from 1930.
View the Source
H. B. Higgins (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: H. B. Higgins, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: H. B. Higgins, Lead section
He served on the High Court of Australia from 1906 until his death in 1929, after briefly serving as Attorney-General of Australia in 1904.
View the Source
Frank Gavan Duffy (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Frank Gavan Duffy, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Frank Gavan Duffy, Lead section
His total service on the High Court of Australia was from 1913 to 1935.
View the Source
Edward McTiernan (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Edward McTiernan, Lead section
Quote, Has Member: Edward McTiernan, Lead section
He served on the High Court of Australia from 1930 to 1976, the longest-serving judge in the court's history.
View the Source
Wikidata: Michael Kirby
Has Member: Michael Kirby, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Owen Dixon
Has Member: Owen Dixon, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Garfield Barwick
Has Member: Garfield Barwick, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Murray Gleeson
Has Member: Murray Gleeson, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Anthony Mason
Has Member: Anthony Mason, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Samuel Griffith
Has Member: Samuel Griffith, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Adrian Knox
Has Member: Adrian Knox, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: John Latham
Has Member: John Latham, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Dudley Williams
Has Member: Dudley Williams, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: William Owen
Has Member: William Owen, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Kenneth Jacobs
Has Member: Kenneth Jacobs, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: Lionel Murphy
Has Member: Lionel Murphy, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Wikidata: John Toohey
Has Member: John Toohey, Wikipedia category: Justices of the High Court of AustraliaView the Source
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationDecided: Mabo v Queensland (No 2), Infobox court field: High Court of AustraliaView the Source
List of justices of the High Court of Australia (Wikipedia)
  • Has Member: Richard O'Connor, Judges listed in the article: Richard O'Connor
  • Has Member: William Webb, Judges listed in the article: William Webb
View the Source
Frequently Asked Questions

How was the High Court of Australia established?

By the Judiciary Act 1903, passed on 25 August 1903.

The Judiciary Act 1903 was passed on 25 August 1903, and the first three justices were appointed on 5 October of that year. The Court has sat in Canberra since 1980.

What cases does the High Court of Australia hear?

Original jurisdiction, plus final appeals from state, territory and federal courts.

It exercises both original and appellate jurisdiction as Australia's final court of appeal, hearing appeals from state and territory supreme courts and from federal courts. Its jurisdiction derives from Chapter III of the Australian Constitution.
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