Public International Law

The International Court of Justice (ICJ; French: Cour internationale de justice, CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN).

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is an intergovernmental organisation and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that codifies some of the rights and freedoms of all human beings.

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (I/A Court H.R.) is an international court based in San José, Costa Rica.

Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are recognized as having legal immunity from the jurisdiction of another country.

The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is an intergovernmental organization created by the mandate of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.

The Geneva Conventions are a series of four international treaties (1949) and their three additional protocols that form the core of international humanitarian law.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC).

The United Nations General Assembly adopted it by Resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966, and it entered into force on 23 March 1976 after its thirty-fifth ratification or accession.

It is a seminal case in the realm of international human rights law that is known for its analysis of state responsibility for enforced disappearances.

United States of America) (1986) was a case where the International Court of Justice (ICJ) held that the U.S.

It is customary international law.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC) is an international human rights treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health, and cultural rights of children.

The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights or ECHR) is a supranational international treaty designed to protect human rights and political freedoms throughout Europe.

The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly.

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) is a United Nations convention.

The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), also known as the Pact of San José or by its Spanish name used in most of the signatory nations, Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, is an international human rights instrument.

It emerged under the aegis of the Organisation of African Unity (since replaced by the African Union) which, at its 1979 Assembly of Heads of State and Government, adopted a resolution calling for the creation of a committee of experts to draft a continent-wide human rights instrument, similar to those that already existed in Europe (European Convention on Human Rights) and the Americas (American Convention on Human Rights).

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or the Genocide Convention, is an international treaty that criminalizes genocide and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition.

The Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (commonly known as the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT)) is an international human rights treaty under the review of the United Nations that aims to prevent torture and other acts of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment around the world.

Non-refoulement () is a fundamental principle of international law anchored in the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees that forbids a country from deporting ("refoulement") any person to any country in which their "life or freedom would be threatened" on account of "race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion".

The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands, the First Hague Conference of 1899 and the Second Hague Conference of 1907.

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, also known as the 1951 Refugee Convention or the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951, is a United Nations multilateral treaty originally designed to establish the legal status of displaced persons in post-World War II Europe.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is an international agreement that regulates treaties among sovereign states.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (GA) on 16 December 1966 through GA.

The Montreal Protocol, officially the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, also known simply as the African Court, is an international court established by member states of the African Union (AU) to implement provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (also known as the Banjul Charter).

The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was an ad hoc court of the United Nations that was established to prosecute the war crimes that had been committed during the Yugoslav Wars and to try their perpetrators.

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR; French: Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda; Kinyarwanda: Urukiko Mpanabyaha Mpuzamahanga Rwashyiriweho u Rwanda) was an international ad-hoc court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

It was an international court attached to the League of Nations.

Since the nineteenth century, it has been used in international law to refer to the principle by which territories deemed not to belong to any recognised sovereign state could be acquired through occupation.

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), is a disarmament treaty that effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by prohibiting their development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use.

The Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (French: Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre), more commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention or Geneva Convention IV (abbreviated as GCIV), is one of the four treaties of the 1949 Geneva Conventions.

The Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field (French: Convention pour l'amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces armées en campagne), more commonly referred to as the First Geneva Convention or Geneva Convention I and abbreviated as GCI, is the first of the four treaties of the 1949 Geneva Conventions.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of Ramsar sites (wetlands).

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978, or "MARPOL 73/78" (short for "marine pollution") is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions.

The 1926 Slavery Convention or the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery is an international treaty created under the auspices of the League of Nations and first signed on 25 September 1926.

The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction of 1997, known informally as the Ottawa Treaty, the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, or often simply the Mine Ban Treaty, aims at eliminating anti-personnel landmines (APLs) around the world.

International human rights law (IHRL) is the body of international law designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels.

He has authored numerous articles and books on jurisprudence, international law, legal anthropology, and United States constitutional law.

Zupančič (born 13 May 1947, in Ljubljana, Slovenia) is a former Judge at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France (1998-2016) and also the President of the Third Chamber at this Court from November 2004 to January 2008.

Róbert Ragnar Spanó (born 27 August 1972) is an Icelandic-Italian jurist, judge, and former president of the European Court of Human Rights.

Gilberto Felici is currently judge at the European Court of Human Rights with respect to San Marino since September 2018.

He was the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) from 2003 to 2016, and the Prosecutor of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) from 2012 t

Sir Christopher John Greenwood (born 12 May 1955) is Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, an arbitrator of international disputes, and a former British judge at the International Court of Justice.

He served two terms as judge at the International Court of Justice (from 1994 to 2012).

She was a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and of the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Previously, he was a judge of the International Criminal Court in The Hague from 2003-12, the Senior Presiding Judge for England and Wales from January 2016 to March 2017, and former member of the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL).

He was judge of the International Court of Justice, judge and twice vice president of the Yugoslavia tribunal and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

Raymond Ranjeva (born August 31, 1942) served as a judge on the International Court of Justice from February, 1991 until February, 2009.

Christine Mary Chinkin (born 1949) is a professor of international law and founding director of the Centre for Women, Peace and Security at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Benedict William Kingsbury is Vice Dean and Director of the Institute for International Law and Justice at New York University and a leading scholar in international law and diplomacy.

Anne Peters (born November 15, 1964, in Berlin) is a German-Swiss jurist with a focus on public international law.

He also serves as President of the Commonwealth Judicial Education Institute, and is former President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and former Chief Justice of the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court.

He was a professor of public law and the resident of the International Law Institute.

Mirjan Damaška (born October 8, 1931) is an American and Croatian jurist and legal scholar, known for his works in the sphere of comparative criminal justice and international criminal law.

Angelika Helene Anna Nußberger (born 1 June 1963 in Munich) is a German professor of law and scholar of Slavic studies, and was the judge in respect of Germany at the European Court of Human Rights from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2019; from 2017 to 2019 she was the Court's vice-president.

Miatta Maria Samba (born 3 October 1971) is a Sierra Leonian jurist and current Judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, Netherlands.

Gocha Lordkipanidze (Georgian: გოჩა ლორთქიფანიძე; born 3 February 1964) is a Georgian lawyer, legal scholar and civil servant, who has been a judge of the International Criminal Court since 2021.

Sergio Gerardo Ugalde Godínez (born 3 April 1971) is a prominent jurist and international lawyer from Costa Rica, and a current judge at the International Criminal Court (ICC).

Althea Violet Alexis-Windsor (born 22 June 1973), is a Judge of the International Criminal Court.

Kristina Pardalos (born 1973) is a Sammarinese judge, who was elected as the San Marino judge at the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on 21 September 2009, where she replaced the retiring Antonella Mularoni.

Florence Ndepele Mwachande Mumba (born in Mazabuka, Zambia in 1948), commonly referred to as Florence Mumba, is a Zambian judge who served in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, also known as the Khmer Rouge Tribunal or the Cambodia Tribunal.

From 2004 to 2009, he was a Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.

Walther Adrian Schücking (6 January 1875-25 August 1935) was a German liberal politician, professor of public international law and the first German judge at the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague.