The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial authority in the Republic of India, established under the Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950. It sits in New Delhi, holds original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction, and is empowered under Article 32 of the Constitution to enforce fundamental rights directly, a power the Court itself has described as part of the Constitution's basic structure. Its most consequential doctrinal development is the basic structure doctrine, announced in Kesavananda Bharati v State of Kerala (1973), which holds that Parliament's power to amend the Constitution under Article 368 does not extend to altering the Constitution's basic structure, a limit found nowhere in the constitutional text itself but read into it by the Court as implicit in the nature of a written constitution. India's legal system blends common law procedure and precedent, inherited from British colonial administration, with substantial areas of personal law drawn from religious and customary sources for matters of marriage, inheritance and family life, which is why comparative law scholarship generally classifies it as a mixed system rather than a pure common law one.
Facts
Founding Year Jurisdiction ScopeHighest court of the Republic of India, with original, appellate and advisory jurisdiction and direct enforcement of fundamental rights 1 Jurisdiction Scope
Jurisdiction Scope (category) Jurisdiction Scope (category) Connections
Decided
Decided by the Supreme Court of India during the 1975-77 Emergency (the ADM Jabalpur habeas corpus case).
Decided by the Supreme Court of India, 1967.
Decided by the Supreme Court of India, 2017.
Source Supreme Court of India Official Website
Decided by the Supreme Court of India, 1978.
Decided by the Supreme Court of India, 1980.
Source Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (Wikipedia)
Decided by the Supreme Court of India, 1997.
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Source Uday Umesh Lalit (Wikipedia)
Source V. R. Krishna Iyer (Wikipedia)
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Source Y. V. Chandrachud (Wikipedia)
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Source Supreme Court of India Official Website
Sources
1. Supreme Court of India Official Website
Wikipedia: Supreme Court of India
Lead section, first sentence
The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court in India.
In Group: Final Appeal Courts, lead paragraph, states the court's place in the hierarchy (final)
The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court in India.
View the SourceWikidata: Supreme Court of India
Wikidata Q213380, class allow-list match (w-wdresolver-0926)View the Source Major Legal Systems in the World Today
Rene David and John E.C. Brierley, Stevens and Sons, 1985In Legal System: Mixed Systems
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (Wikipedia)
Decided: Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India
A. N. Ray (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributorsHas Member: A. N. Ray, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: A. N. Ray, Introduction
Ajit Nath Ray (29 January 1912 - 25 December 2009) was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 25 April 1973 till his retirement on 28 January 1977. Ray was the lone dissenter among the eleven Supreme Court judges that examined the constitutionality of the Bank Nationalization Act, in 1969.
View the Source Surya Kant (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Surya Kant, Career sectionQuote, Has Member: Surya Kant, Career section
On 9 May 2019, the Supreme Court collegium headed by Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi recommended his elevation to the Supreme Court of India. On 24 May 2019, Kant took oath as a judge of the Supreme Court, a position he served until 23 November 2025.
View the Source Sam Piroj Bharucha, Wikipedia
Has Member: Sam Piroj Bharucha, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Sam Piroj Bharucha, Introduction
His judgeship was made permanent in 1978, and in 1991 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court. In 1992, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of India, and became Chief Justice in 2001.
View the Source Vikram Nath (Wikipedia)
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Vikram Nath (born 24 September 1962) is a judge of the Supreme Court of India.
View the Source Wikipedia: Fathima Beevi
Has Member: Fathima Beevi, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Fathima Beevi, Introduction
Fathima Beevi (30 April 1927 - 23 November 2023) was an Indian judge who was a justice of the Supreme Court of India.
View the Source Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud (Wikipedia)
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He was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of India in May 2016.
View the Source Nagendra Singh (Wikipedia)
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Pathak (1989-1991) the 18th Chief Justice of India, and Dalveer Bhandari (2012-), former judge of the Supreme Court of India.
View the Source Y. V. Chandrachud (Wikipedia)
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Born in Pune in the Bombay Presidency, he was first appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of India on 28 August 1972 and is the longest-serving Chief Justice in India's history at 7 years and 4 months.
View the Source Ranjan Gogoi (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Ranjan Gogoi, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Ranjan Gogoi, Lead section
He previously served as a judge of the Supreme Court of India from 2012 to 2018.
View the Source Rohinton Fali Nariman (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Rohinton Fali Nariman, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Rohinton Fali Nariman, Lead section
Rohinton Fali Nariman (born 13 August 1956) is a former judge of the Supreme Court of India.
View the Source Mehr Chand Mahajan (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Mehr Chand Mahajan, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Mehr Chand Mahajan, Introduction
Mehr Chand Mahajan (23 December 1889 - 11 December 1967) was an Indian jurist and politician who was the third chief justice of the Supreme Court of India.
View the Source M. N. Venkatachaliah (Wikipedia)
Has Member: M. N. Venkatachaliah, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: M. N. Venkatachaliah, Lead section
He was elevated as Judge of the Supreme Court of India on 5 October 1987.
View the Source K. G. Balakrishnan (Wikipedia)
Has Member: K. G. Balakrishnan, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: K. G. Balakrishnan, Lead section
Konakuppakatil Gopinathan Balakrishnan (born 12 May 1945) is an Indian judge who served as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 2007 to 2010, and later as chairperson of the National Human Rights Commission of India.
View the Source H. L. Dattu (Wikipedia)
Has Member: H. L. Dattu, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: H. L. Dattu, Lead section
Before his elevation as a judge of the Supreme Court of India on 17 December 2008, he had served as the Chief Justice of the Kerala High Court and Chhattisgarh High Court.
View the Source N. V. Ramana (Wikipedia)
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Previously, he was a judge on the Supreme Court of India, chief justice of Delhi High Court and an acting chief justice of Andhra Pradesh High Court.
View the Source Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha, Lead section
Sinha served as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 1 October 1959 to 31 January 1964.
View the Source S. M. Sikri (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Sarv Mittra Sikri, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Sarv Mittra Sikri, Lead section
He previously served as the first Advocate-General for Punjab, before becoming the first judge of the Supreme Court of India, to be directly appointed from the Bar.
View the Source E. S. Venkataramiah (Wikipedia)
Has Member: E. S. Venkataramiah, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: E. S. Venkataramiah, Lead section
On 8 March 1979, he was appointed as judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in June 1989.
View the Source Gopal Ballav Pattanaik (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Gopal Ballav Pattanaik, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Gopal Ballav Pattanaik, Lead section
Gopal Ballav Pattanaik (born 19 December 1937) is an Indian lawyer and later a jurist who served for 19 years on the bench of the Odisha High Court as a permanent judge, as chief justice of Patna High Court, judge of the Supreme Court of India and as the 32nd Chief Justice of India.
View the Source V. N. Khare (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Vishweshwar Nath Khare, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Vishweshwar Nath Khare, Lead section
He was a judge of the Supreme Court of India from 21 March 1997 before he was elevated to the post of Chief Justice.
View the Source Jagdish Singh Khehar (Wikipedia)
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He has been a judge in Supreme Court of India from 13 September 2011 to 27 August 2017 upon superannuation.
View the Source Sharad Bobde (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Sharad Arvind Bobde, Lead sectionQuote, Has Member: Sharad Arvind Bobde, Lead section
He had a tenure of eight years in the Supreme Court of India and retired on 23 April 2021.
View the Source Koka Subba Rao (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Koka Subba Rao, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Koka Subba Rao, Introduction
Koka Subba Rao (15 July 1902 - 6 May 1976) was the ninth Chief Justice of India (1966-1967). He also served as the Chief Justice of the Andhra Pradesh High Court.
View the Source Mohammad Hidayatullah (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Mohammad Hidayatullah, Wikipedia lead paragraph
as interim President of India in 1969. He concurrently served as Chief Justice of India from 1968 to 1970 and then as Vice President of India fro
Has Member: M. Hidayatullah, Wikipedia lead paragraph
as interim President of India in 1969. He concurrently served as Chief Justice of India from 1968 to 1970 and then as Vice President of India fro
View the Source P. N. Bhagwati (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: P. N. Bhagwati, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: P. N. Bhagwati, Introduction
Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati (21 December 1921 - 15 June 2017) was an Indian jurist, who served as the 17th Chief Justice of India, serving from 12 July 1985 until his retirement on 20 December 1986.
View the Source H. J. Kania (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Harilal Jekisundas Kania, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Harilal Jekisundas Kania, Wikipedia lead paragraph
"H. J." Kania (3 November 1890-6 November 1951) was the first Chief Justice of India. He served as the Chief Justice of India from 1950 until
View the Source M. Patanjali Sastri (Wikipedia)
Has Member: M. Patanjali Sastri, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: M. Patanjali Sastri, Wikipedia lead paragraph
Patanjali Sastri (4 January 1889-16 March 1963) was the second Chief Justice of India, serving in the post from 7 November 1951 to 3 January 19
View the Source P. B. Gajendragadkar (Wikipedia)
Has Member: P. B. Gajendragadkar, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: P. B. Gajendragadkar, Introduction
Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar (16 March 1901 - 12 June 1981) was an Indian judge, who served as the 7th Chief Justice of India, from February 1964 to March 1966.
View the Source Kailas Nath Wanchoo (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Kailas Nath Wanchoo, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Kailas Nath Wanchoo, Introduction
Kailas Nath Wanchoo (25 February 1903 - 14 August 1988) was the tenth Chief Justice of India. He was born in Allahabad into a Kashmiri Pandit family and was educated on primary at Nowgong, Madhya Pradesh and middle at Pandit Pirthi Nath High School, Kanpur, Muir Central College, Allahabad and Wadham College, Oxford.
View the Source M. H. Kania (Wikipedia)
Has Member: M. H. Kania, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: M. H. Kania, Introduction
Madhukar Hiralal Kania (18 November 1927 - 1 February 2016) was an Indian judge who served as the 23rd Chief Justice of India, serving from 13 December 1991 until his retirement on 17 November 1992.
View the Source Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi, Introduction
Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi (25 March 1932 - 2 March 2023) was an Indian judge who was the 26th Chief Justice of India. After serving as a judge in the Gujarat High Court, Ahmadi was appointed judge to the Supreme Court in 1988.
View the Source Jagdish Sharan Verma (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Jagdish Sharan Verma, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Jagdish Sharan Verma, Introduction
Jagdish Sharan Verma (18 January 1933 - 22 April 2013) was an Indian jurist who served as the 27th Chief Justice of India from 25 March 1997 to 18 January 1998. He was the chairman of the National Human Rights Commission from 1999 to 2003, and chairman of the Justice Verma Committee Report on Amendments to Criminal Law after the 2012 Delhi gang rape case.
View the Source Adarsh Sein Anand (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Adarsh Sein Anand, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Adarsh Sein Anand, Introduction
Adarsh Sein Anand (1 November 1936 - 1 December 2017) was the 29th Chief Justice of India, serving from 10 October 1998 to 31 October 2001.
View the Source Altamas Kabir (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Altamas Kabir, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Altamas Kabir, Wikipedia lead paragraph
2017) was an Indian lawyer and judge who served as the 39th Chief Justice of India.
View the Source P. Sathasivam (Wikipedia)
Has Member: P. Sathasivam, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: P. Sathasivam, Wikipedia lead paragraph
27 April 1949) is a retired Indian judge who served as the 40th Chief Justice of India, holding the office from 2013 to 2014. On retirement from
View the Source Uday Umesh Lalit (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Uday Umesh Lalit, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Uday Umesh Lalit, Wikipedia lead paragraph
lawyer and former Supreme Court judge, who served as the 49th Chief Justice of India. Prior to his elevation as a judge of the Supreme Court,
View the Source Bijan Kumar Mukherjea (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Bijan Kumar Mukherjea, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Bijan Kumar Mukherjea, Wikipedia lead paragraph
1891-22 February 1956) was an Indian judge, who served as the 4th Chief Justice of India. He was in office from 22 December 1954 to 31 January 195
View the Source Sudhi Ranjan Das (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Sudhi Ranjan Das, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Sudhi Ranjan Das, Introduction
Sudhi Ranjan Das (1 October 1894 - 18 September 1977) was the 5th Chief Justice of India, serving from 1 February 1956 to 30 September 1959.
View the Source Amal Kumar Sarkar (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Amal Kumar Sarkar, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Amal Kumar Sarkar, Introduction
Justice Amal Kumar Sarkar (Bengali: অমল কুমার সরকার) (29 June 1901 - 18 December 2001) was the eighth Chief Justice of India, from 16 March 1966 up to his retirement on 29 June 1966.
View the Source Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah, Introduction
Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah (22 January 1906 - 4 January 1991) was the twelfth Chief Justice of India from 17 December 1970 until his retirement on 21 January 1971.
View the Source Mirza Hameedullah Beg (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Mirza Hameedullah Beg, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Mirza Hameedullah Beg, Wikipedia lead paragraph
Hameedullah Beg" Mirza Hameedullah Beg (M. Beg) (22 February 1913 - 19 November 1988) was the 15th Chief Justice of India, serving from January 1977 to February 1978.
View the Source Lalit Mohan Sharma (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Lalit Mohan Sharma, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Lalit Mohan Sharma, Introduction
Lalit Mohan Sharma (12 February 1928 - 3 November 2008) was an Indian judge, who served as the 24th Chief Justice of India, serving for 85 days, from 18 November 1992 until 11 February 1993.
View the Source Madan Mohan Punchhi (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Madan Mohan Punchhi, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Madan Mohan Punchhi, Introduction
Madan Mohan Punchhi (10 October 1933 - 17 June 2015) was the 28th Chief Justice of India from 18 January 1998 until his retirement on 9 October 1998.
View the Source Bhupinder Nath Kirpal (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Bhupinder Nath Kirpal, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Bhupinder Nath Kirpal, Wikipedia lead paragraph
(born 8 November 1937) is a retired Indian judge who was the 31st Chief Justice of India, serving from 6 May 2002 until his retirement on 7 Novemb
View the Source S. Rajendra Babu (Wikipedia)
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1 June 1939) is a retired Indian judge, who served as the 34th Chief Justice of India. He also served as the chairperson of National Human Righ
View the Source Ramesh Chandra Lahoti (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Ramesh Chandra Lahoti, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Ramesh Chandra Lahoti, Introduction
Ramesh Chandra Lahoti (1 November 1940 - 23 March 2022) was the 35th Chief Justice of India, serving from 1 June 2004 to 1 November 2005.
View the Source Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, IntroductionQuote, Has Member: Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal, Introduction
Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal (14 January 1942 - 3 July 2015) was an Indian jurist, who served as the 36th Chief Justice of India.
View the Source S. H. Kapadia (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Sarosh Homi Kapadia, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Sarosh Homi Kapadia, Wikipedia lead paragraph
Sarosh Homi Kapadia (29 September 1947-4 January 2016) was the 38th Chief Justice of India. He was the first chief justice born after the partition
View the Source Rajendra Mal Lodha (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Rajendra Mal Lodha, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Rajendra Mal Lodha, Wikipedia lead paragraph
September 1949) is a retired Indian judge, who served as the 41st Chief Justice of India from 27 April 2014 to 27 September 2014. Before being ele
View the Source T. S. Thakur (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Tirath Singh Thakur, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Tirath Singh Thakur, Wikipedia lead paragraph
(born 4 January 1952) is an Indian jurist who served as the 43rd Chief Justice of India (CJI) from 3 December 2015 to 4 January 2017. Before bein
View the Source B. R. Gavai (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai, Wikipedia lead paragraphQuote, Has Member: Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai, Wikipedia lead paragraph
1960) is a retired Indian jurist who had served as the 52nd Chief Justice of India (CJI) from 14 May to 23 November 2025. He is a former jud
View the Source V. R. Krishna Iyer (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: V. R. Krishna Iyer, Wikipedia category: cat:Justices of the Supreme Court of IndiaView the Source Sabyasachi Mukharji (Wikipedia)
WikipediaHas Member: Sabyasachi Mukharji, Wikipedia lead paragraph
25 September 1990) was an Indian jurist, who served as the 20th Chief Justice of India. He also previously served as the acting Chief Justice of
Has Member: Sabyasachi Mukharji, Wikipedia category: Chief justices of India
Category:Chief justices of India
View the Source Ranganath Misra (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Ranganath Misra, Wikipedia lead paragraph
13 September 2012) was an Indian jurist, who served as the 21st Chief Justice of India, from 25 September 1990 to 24 November 1991. He was also
Has Member: Ranganath Misra, Wikipedia category: Chief justices of India
Category:Chief justices of India
View the SourceKamal Narain Singh (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Kamal Narain Singh, Wikipedia lead paragraph
8 September 2022) was an Indian jurist who served as the 22nd Chief Justice of India. He was educated at L.R.L.A. High School in Sirsa and Ewi
Has Member: Kamal Narain Singh, Wikipedia category: Chief justices of India
Category:Chief justices of India
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