Ernst Fraenkel (1898-1975) was a German-Jewish lawyer and political scientist who defended Jewish clients in Nazi Germany before emigrating to the United States in 1939 and becoming a citizen in 1944. He is best known for his Dual State analysis of Nazi Germany, describing a normative state that preserved ordinary legal institutions for favored citizens alongside a prerogative state that used lawless violence against the regime enemies, and he later helped establish political science as an academic discipline in postwar Germany.
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