Vietnam's current constitution, its fifth, was adopted by the National Assembly on 28 November 2013 and took effect on 1 January 2014, succeeding earlier constitutions of 1946, 1959, 1980 and 1992 that had tracked the country's changing political structure through independence, division and eventual reunification. It affirms the Communist Party of Vietnam as the leading political force of the state and society, and it formally establishes a socialist-oriented market economy as the country's economic model. Compared with the 1992 constitution it replaced, the 2013 document expanded its protections for human rights and civil rights, while retaining the fundamentally one-party political structure the Communist Party has directed since reunification.
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