Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia

Somalia is governed under the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia, ratified by a National Constitutional Assembly in Mogadishu on 1 August 2012, and it remains provisional rather than a finally ratified permanent constitution. It establishes Somalia as a federal republic with a parliamentary system in which the president is head of state and an appointed prime minister is head of government, and it creates a bicameral Federal Parliament made up of an upper Senate and a lower House of the People, committing the state to human rights, the rule of law, and separation of powers among legislative, executive and independent judicial branches. In March 2024 the federal parliament approved amendments moving toward universal suffrage and giving the president unilateral power to appoint the prime minister, changes that prompted the region of Puntland to withdraw its recognition of the federal government.